Annotations and commentary to illustration: Maria Tatar
Year of release: 2007
FOURTH STORY: THE PRINCE AND THE PRINCESS
The kingdom in which we are now living is ruled by a princess so uncommonly clever that she has read all the newspapers in the world and then forgotten every word printed on them --that's how clever she is. The other day, as she was sitting on her throne---and that's not nearly as amusing as people think---she started humming an old tune that went like this: "Why, oh why, should I not marry?"
"There's an idea," she said to herself, and she made up her mind to marry as soon as she could find a husband who would know how to respond when spoken to. She was not interested in someone who would just stand around looking dignified, because that would be really dull. And so she summoned her ladies-in-waiting, and, when they heard what she had in mind, they were delighted. "Oh, we like that idea!" they said. "We had the same idea just the other day!"
Believe me, every word I report is true. I have a ... sweetheart who has the run of the castle, and she gave me a full report.
The next day's newspapers came out with a border of hearts and the princess's initials right by them. Any attractive young man, it said in the paper, was welcome to visit the castle and speak with the princess. The princess was planning to marry the man who seemed most at home in the castle and who spoke the most eloquently.
Yes, indeed. Believe me, it's all as true as the fact that I'm sitting here. Young men flocked to the castle, and there was a lot of pushing and shoving, but neither on the first day nor on the second was anyone chosen. No one had trouble speaking well out on the street. The moment the men entered the gates of the castle and caught sight of the royal guards wearing silver and the servants wearing gold and then reached the brightly lit halls at the top of the stairs, they were struck dumb. Facing the princess who was seated on her throne, they couldn't think of a thing to say and just repeated the last word she had uttered, which she did not particularly care to hear again. It was as if everyone in the room had swallowed snuff and dozed off. As soon as they were back outside, they had no trouble talking. People were lined up all the way from the town gates to the castle. They were growing hungry and thirsty, but no one from the castle brought so much as a glass of lukewarm water. Some of the more clever fellows had packed bread and butter, but they refused to share what they had with anyone. Here's what they thought: "If that fellow looks hungry, then the princess won't choose him!"
When did he get there? Was he there in the crowd?
On the third day, a little fellow, with neither horse nor carriage, marched boldly up to the castle. His eyes sparkled, and he had lovely long hair, but his clothes were in tatters.
He was carrying a little bundle on his back.
I do know from my ... sweetheart that when he marched through the palace gates and saw the royal guards dressed in silver and when he climbed the stairs and saw the servants dressed in gold, he wasn't the least bit daunted. He just nodded to them and said: "It must be terribly dull to stand on the steps all day long. I think I'd rather go inside."
The halls were brightly lit. Ministers of state and various excellencies were walking about barefoot, carrying golden trays. It was enough to make anyone nervous! The little fellow's boots began to creak loudly, but he wasn't at all afraid!
Oh, they creaked all right! But he was bold and walked right up to the princess, who was sitting on a pearl that was as big as a spinning wheel. All of the ladies-in-waiting with their servant girls, and the servant girls of their servant girls, and all of the chamberlains, with their servants and their servants' pages, were standing at attention in the hall. The closer they were to the door, the prouder they looked. The page to the servants' servants, who never wears anything but slippers, looked so swollen with pride that one hardly dared look at him.
That must have been terrible! And yet the fellow still won the princess!
They say he spoke well. That's what my ... sweetheart told me. He was dashing and charming. He wasn't there to court the princess but to listen to her wise words. He liked what he heard, and she took a shine to him too!
"... Oh, you must take ... to the castle!"
"That's easier said than done," ... "How will we manage it? I'll talk it over with my ... sweetheart. She can probably give us some advice, but I'd better warn ... that ... will never be allowed to walk right into the castle."
"..." ... "... right out ...!"
"Wait for me over there by the fence!" ... said, and he bobbed his head and ... away.
... did not return until after dark. "..." ... "My sweetheart sends ... warm greetings, and here's a crust of bread for .... They have all they need in the kitchen, where she found it, and ...! They'll never let ... into the castle, especially .... The guardsmen in silver and the footmen in gold will simply not allow it. But ..., we'll find a way to smuggle ... in. My sweetheart happens to know about a little back staircase leading up to the bedroom, and she also knows where they keep the key."
Off the two went into the garden, down the tree-lined promenade where the leaves were falling, one by one. After the lights went out in the castle, one by one, ... took ... around to the back door, which was standing ajar.
Now they were on the staircase. A little lamp on a cabinet was burning brightly. There stood ..., right in the middle of the room, ...
"My fiancé has spoken very highly of ..." "... life story, ... vita, as we say, is also quite moving! Please take the lamp, and I'll lead the way. We'll take the most direct route so that we won't run into anyone!"
"It feels like someone is on the stairs right behind!"
... and something rushed past like shadows on a wall: horses with flowing manes and slender legs, gamekeepers, lords and ladies on horseback.
Those are nothing but dreams! They come and take the thoughts of their royal highnesses out hunting, which is good because then one can get a better look at them in their bed. I trust that, when one rise to a position of honour and nobility, one will show heartfelt gratitude!
... the first room, which had walls covered with rose-coloured satin and painted flowers. The dream shadows rushed by again, but so quickly that one did not have a chance to see the lords and ladies. Each room was more magnificent than the next---almost overwhelming---and then ... reached the bedroom. The ceiling in there looked like a huge palm tree with leaves of glass, priceless glass. In the middle of the room two beds that looked just like lilies were hanging from a massive stalk of gold. One was white, and the princess was sleeping in it. The other one was red, and if one bent back one of the red leaves, one saw the nape of a brown neck. ... held the lamp near his face, and the dreams galloped back into the room. He awoke, turned his head and---it was ... after all.
The prince's neck may have looked like ..., but nothing else about him did. Still, he was young and handsome. The princess peeked out from the white lily bed and asked what had happened.
"You poor dear!" the prince and the princess said. They praised ... and assured them that they were not angry, but that they should never do what they had done again. This time, however, they would receive a reward.
"Would you like your freedom?" the princess asked. "Or would you rather have lifetime appointments as court ..., with the right to ...?"
The prince climbed out of his bed and let (Gerd) sleep in it. It was all he could do (for her). ... and thought: "How nice people (and animals) can be."
...was dressed from head to toe in silk and velvet ... had been invited to stay at the castle and live a life of luxury...
(Gerd) was given a pair of boots and also a fur muff. ... was dressed exquisitely, and just as ... was about to leave, a coach covered in pure gold drew up to the door. The coat of arms belonging to the prince and the princess glittered on it like a star. The driver, the footmen, and the postilions---yes, there were even postilions---were wearing crowns made of gold. The prince and princess themselves helped climb into the carriage and wished good luck. The carriage was lined on the inside with sugar pastries, and on the seats were plates piled high with fruit and gingerbread.
"Farewell! Farewell!" the prince and the princess called out. ... until the carriage, which was sparkling like bright sunshine, disappeared.
....................................................................................................................
FIFTH STORY:
THE LITTLE ROBBER GIRL
They rode through a dark forest, and the carriage was like a torch. It shone so brightly that it hurt the robbers' eyes until they could stand it no longer.
"It's gold! It's gold!" they shouted, and they sped forward, seized the horses, and killed the driver, the postilions, and the footmen.
FOURTH STORY: THE PRINCE AND THE PRINCESS
The kingdom in which we are now living is ruled by a princess so uncommonly clever that she has read all the newspapers in the world and then forgotten every word printed on them --that's how clever she is. The other day, as she was sitting on her throne---and that's not nearly as amusing as people think---she started humming an old tune that went like this: "Why, oh why, should I not marry?"
"There's an idea," she said to herself, and she made up her mind to marry as soon as she could find a husband who would know how to respond when spoken to. She was not interested in someone who would just stand around looking dignified, because that would be really dull. And so she summoned her ladies-in-waiting, and, when they heard what she had in mind, they were delighted. "Oh, we like that idea!" they said. "We had the same idea just the other day!"
Believe me, every word I report is true. I have a ... sweetheart who has the run of the castle, and she gave me a full report.
The next day's newspapers came out with a border of hearts and the princess's initials right by them. Any attractive young man, it said in the paper, was welcome to visit the castle and speak with the princess. The princess was planning to marry the man who seemed most at home in the castle and who spoke the most eloquently.
Yes, indeed. Believe me, it's all as true as the fact that I'm sitting here. Young men flocked to the castle, and there was a lot of pushing and shoving, but neither on the first day nor on the second was anyone chosen. No one had trouble speaking well out on the street. The moment the men entered the gates of the castle and caught sight of the royal guards wearing silver and the servants wearing gold and then reached the brightly lit halls at the top of the stairs, they were struck dumb. Facing the princess who was seated on her throne, they couldn't think of a thing to say and just repeated the last word she had uttered, which she did not particularly care to hear again. It was as if everyone in the room had swallowed snuff and dozed off. As soon as they were back outside, they had no trouble talking. People were lined up all the way from the town gates to the castle. They were growing hungry and thirsty, but no one from the castle brought so much as a glass of lukewarm water. Some of the more clever fellows had packed bread and butter, but they refused to share what they had with anyone. Here's what they thought: "If that fellow looks hungry, then the princess won't choose him!"
When did he get there? Was he there in the crowd?
On the third day, a little fellow, with neither horse nor carriage, marched boldly up to the castle. His eyes sparkled, and he had lovely long hair, but his clothes were in tatters.
He was carrying a little bundle on his back.
I do know from my ... sweetheart that when he marched through the palace gates and saw the royal guards dressed in silver and when he climbed the stairs and saw the servants dressed in gold, he wasn't the least bit daunted. He just nodded to them and said: "It must be terribly dull to stand on the steps all day long. I think I'd rather go inside."
The halls were brightly lit. Ministers of state and various excellencies were walking about barefoot, carrying golden trays. It was enough to make anyone nervous! The little fellow's boots began to creak loudly, but he wasn't at all afraid!
Oh, they creaked all right! But he was bold and walked right up to the princess, who was sitting on a pearl that was as big as a spinning wheel. All of the ladies-in-waiting with their servant girls, and the servant girls of their servant girls, and all of the chamberlains, with their servants and their servants' pages, were standing at attention in the hall. The closer they were to the door, the prouder they looked. The page to the servants' servants, who never wears anything but slippers, looked so swollen with pride that one hardly dared look at him.
That must have been terrible! And yet the fellow still won the princess!
They say he spoke well. That's what my ... sweetheart told me. He was dashing and charming. He wasn't there to court the princess but to listen to her wise words. He liked what he heard, and she took a shine to him too!
"... Oh, you must take ... to the castle!"
"That's easier said than done," ... "How will we manage it? I'll talk it over with my ... sweetheart. She can probably give us some advice, but I'd better warn ... that ... will never be allowed to walk right into the castle."
"..." ... "... right out ...!"
"Wait for me over there by the fence!" ... said, and he bobbed his head and ... away.
... did not return until after dark. "..." ... "My sweetheart sends ... warm greetings, and here's a crust of bread for .... They have all they need in the kitchen, where she found it, and ...! They'll never let ... into the castle, especially .... The guardsmen in silver and the footmen in gold will simply not allow it. But ..., we'll find a way to smuggle ... in. My sweetheart happens to know about a little back staircase leading up to the bedroom, and she also knows where they keep the key."
Off the two went into the garden, down the tree-lined promenade where the leaves were falling, one by one. After the lights went out in the castle, one by one, ... took ... around to the back door, which was standing ajar.
Now they were on the staircase. A little lamp on a cabinet was burning brightly. There stood ..., right in the middle of the room, ...
"My fiancé has spoken very highly of ..." "... life story, ... vita, as we say, is also quite moving! Please take the lamp, and I'll lead the way. We'll take the most direct route so that we won't run into anyone!"
"It feels like someone is on the stairs right behind!"
... and something rushed past like shadows on a wall: horses with flowing manes and slender legs, gamekeepers, lords and ladies on horseback.
Those are nothing but dreams! They come and take the thoughts of their royal highnesses out hunting, which is good because then one can get a better look at them in their bed. I trust that, when one rise to a position of honour and nobility, one will show heartfelt gratitude!
... the first room, which had walls covered with rose-coloured satin and painted flowers. The dream shadows rushed by again, but so quickly that one did not have a chance to see the lords and ladies. Each room was more magnificent than the next---almost overwhelming---and then ... reached the bedroom. The ceiling in there looked like a huge palm tree with leaves of glass, priceless glass. In the middle of the room two beds that looked just like lilies were hanging from a massive stalk of gold. One was white, and the princess was sleeping in it. The other one was red, and if one bent back one of the red leaves, one saw the nape of a brown neck. ... held the lamp near his face, and the dreams galloped back into the room. He awoke, turned his head and---it was ... after all.
The prince's neck may have looked like ..., but nothing else about him did. Still, he was young and handsome. The princess peeked out from the white lily bed and asked what had happened.
"You poor dear!" the prince and the princess said. They praised ... and assured them that they were not angry, but that they should never do what they had done again. This time, however, they would receive a reward.
"Would you like your freedom?" the princess asked. "Or would you rather have lifetime appointments as court ..., with the right to ...?"
The prince climbed out of his bed and let (Gerd) sleep in it. It was all he could do (for her). ... and thought: "How nice people (and animals) can be."
...was dressed from head to toe in silk and velvet ... had been invited to stay at the castle and live a life of luxury...
(Gerd) was given a pair of boots and also a fur muff. ... was dressed exquisitely, and just as ... was about to leave, a coach covered in pure gold drew up to the door. The coat of arms belonging to the prince and the princess glittered on it like a star. The driver, the footmen, and the postilions---yes, there were even postilions---were wearing crowns made of gold. The prince and princess themselves helped climb into the carriage and wished good luck. The carriage was lined on the inside with sugar pastries, and on the seats were plates piled high with fruit and gingerbread.
"Farewell! Farewell!" the prince and the princess called out. ... until the carriage, which was sparkling like bright sunshine, disappeared.
....................................................................................................................
FIFTH STORY:
THE LITTLE ROBBER GIRL
They rode through a dark forest, and the carriage was like a torch. It shone so brightly that it hurt the robbers' eyes until they could stand it no longer.
"It's gold! It's gold!" they shouted, and they sped forward, seized the horses, and killed the driver, the postilions, and the footmen.
...
"I'm going to ride in the carriage," the little robber girl said, and ride she did, because she was so headstrong and spoiled that she always got her way. She ... climbed into the carriage, and the two drove over stumps and brambles, deep into the forest.
...
When the carriage came to a stop, they found themselves in the courtyard of the robbers' castle. It had a long crack that ran from the very top to the bottom. Ravens and crows could be seen flying in and out of the holes in its walls, ...
A big fire was burning on the stone floor in the middle of a cavernous, soot-stained room. Smoke drifted up to the rafters and tried to find a way out. A large cauldron of soup was boiling, and rabbits and hares were roasting on spits.
.................................................................................................................
SEVENTH STORY:
WHAT HAPPENED ... (AND) ELSEWHERE
... and green buds could be seen everywhere in the forest. A young girl wearing a bright red cap on her head and holding two pistols came riding out of the forest on a magnificent horse that ... recognised---it was the horse that had drawn the golden carriage. The little robber girl had grown tired of staying at home and wanted to head north, and, if that didn't amuse her, she was planning to go elsewhere.
... and asked about the prince and princess.
"They're travelling in foreign lands," the robber girl said.
The clever princess sits on the throne with crumpled newspapers at her feet---all the newspapers in the world that she has read and forgotten. She wears clothing that sparkles and glitters.
41. that's how clever she is.
Andersen was a master of what is known as crosswriting, producing texts that are directed at two audiences: children and adults. The satirical barb at newspapers is embedded in a tale for children and adds spice for the adult readers. As Andersen wrote to a friend, "Now I tell stories of my own accord, seize an idea for the adults---and tell it for the children while still keeping in mind the fact that Mother and Father are often listening too, and they must have a little something for thought" (Grönbech, 91-92).
42. border of hearts.
The border of hearts provides an interesting contrast to death notices, which traditionally have black borders. The sentimental touch is in the style of a romantic (with a lower-case r).
43. the man who seemed most at home in the castle and who spoke most eloquently.
The princess is making somewhat unusual demands (no other fairy-tale princess seeks these qualities in a man), and Andersen may have invented these traits because they matched so perfectly his own strengths. He was, of course, an expert in making himself at home in the manors and castles of aristocrats and royals, and he prided himself on his eloquence and on the fact that he had provided Denmark with a "poet."
The riddle princess is found in myths and fairy tales the world over. Khutulun (more known as Turandot, ie Turan's daughter), in the Haft Paykar, is perhaps the most famous of these virgins, who execute suitors unable to answer their questions or to carry out assigned tasks. Portia, in The Merchant of Venice, is a milder version of the type, dismissing rather than decapitating the unqualified suitors. In his essay "The Theme of the Three Caskets," Freud meditates on the motif and shows how a story about making choices for the sake of love masks an obsession with death. This might also be seen as a tale in which romance and passion are deeply enmeshed with anxieties about mortality. Andersen's princess, in the subplot to "The Snow Queen," is more whimsical and eccentric than belligerent and bloodthirsty.
44. Some of the more clever fellows had packed bread and butter.
Andersen creates comic effects by moving seamlessly from descriptions of courtly fashion (guards dressed in silver and servants in gold) and the protocols and players of royal life (ministers of state, various excellencies, and a princess sitting on a throne) to the buffoon-like behaviour of the suitors, who parrot the princess's words and refuse to share their provisions.
45. The little fellow's boots began to creak loudly.
At his confirmation, Andersen prided himself on a new pair of boots: "My delight was extreme; my only fear was that some people would not see them, and therefore I drew them up over my trousers and marched through the church. The boots creaked, and that pleased me no end, for the congregation would know that they were brand new. I felt a terrible sense of guilt."
46. A pearl that was as big as a spinning wheel.
A precious stone with many layers, the pearl seems an odd object to serve as a throne. Its round shape and colour could be seen as evoking the moon, and its use as a throne offers a humorous touch. The allusion to a spinning wheel connects the story to the instrument whose use often provided the occasion for oral storytelling, and adds a humble touch to the royal throne. Here again, Andersen yokes a precious object with the homespun.
48. something rushed past like shadows on a wall.
Slavic folklore often features mysterious spectral horsemen representing various times of day. The hunting parties that haunt this particular castle are described as creatures from dreams, imaginative beings that can be brought to life in fiction, but that rarely inhabit fairy-tale worlds, where few characters have a dream life. Andersen had a deep fascination with the interplay of light and dark and the chiaroscuro effects produced.
49. two beds that looked just like lilies.
The chaste relationship between prince and princess becomes evident from the arrangement of the beds. The riddle princess remains locked in a state of virginal purity, unable to move to a condition of mature adult sexuality. This couple in "The Snow Queen" is presented as passionately drawn to each other, but without a trace of erotic desire. In real life, Andersen seemed unable to consummate a romantic relationship, and he makes sure that the couples in his fairy tales remain drawn to each other in powerful but chaste ways. Note the striking use of colour in this passage and how the attributes used to kindle our imagination and to help us visualize the scene have more to do with light and colour than anything else.
50. a fur muff.
... receives a carriage---one that is linked with sunshine through its gold---but, just as importantly, … has received something to protect … hands and feet. Like the Snow Queen, [···] now has something made of fur and a magnificent mode of transportation. The carriage, with its bounty of sugar pastries, fruit, and cookies, represents pure wish-fulfillment for a child. The fetishizing of feet and hands, along with boots and muffs, is intriguing, given the chaste (and pious) register in which the tale moves.
....................................................................................
(No annotation about the slaughtering of the escort)
.....................................................................................
78. "They're travelling in foreign lands":
The prince and princess, on the road to foreign countries, can be seen as a doubling of the couple formed by the leading characters (Gerda and Kai), with the prince and princess evoking adventure and voyages into the wide world.
.................................................................................................................
SEVENTH STORY:
WHAT HAPPENED ... (AND) ELSEWHERE
... and green buds could be seen everywhere in the forest. A young girl wearing a bright red cap on her head and holding two pistols came riding out of the forest on a magnificent horse that ... recognised---it was the horse that had drawn the golden carriage. The little robber girl had grown tired of staying at home and wanted to head north, and, if that didn't amuse her, she was planning to go elsewhere.
... and asked about the prince and princess.
"They're travelling in foreign lands," the robber girl said.
EDMUND DULAC
The clever princess sits on the throne with crumpled newspapers at her feet---all the newspapers in the world that she has read and forgotten. She wears clothing that sparkles and glitters.
EDMUND DULAC
The brightly lit carriage is an alluring target for the trio of robbers perched on the ledge, along with the two others hidden behind trees. The dark tangle of branches and the size of the menacing robbers make the coach look all the more vulnerable.
41. that's how clever she is.
Andersen was a master of what is known as crosswriting, producing texts that are directed at two audiences: children and adults. The satirical barb at newspapers is embedded in a tale for children and adds spice for the adult readers. As Andersen wrote to a friend, "Now I tell stories of my own accord, seize an idea for the adults---and tell it for the children while still keeping in mind the fact that Mother and Father are often listening too, and they must have a little something for thought" (Grönbech, 91-92).
42. border of hearts.
The border of hearts provides an interesting contrast to death notices, which traditionally have black borders. The sentimental touch is in the style of a romantic (with a lower-case r).
43. the man who seemed most at home in the castle and who spoke most eloquently.
The princess is making somewhat unusual demands (no other fairy-tale princess seeks these qualities in a man), and Andersen may have invented these traits because they matched so perfectly his own strengths. He was, of course, an expert in making himself at home in the manors and castles of aristocrats and royals, and he prided himself on his eloquence and on the fact that he had provided Denmark with a "poet."
The riddle princess is found in myths and fairy tales the world over. Khutulun (more known as Turandot, ie Turan's daughter), in the Haft Paykar, is perhaps the most famous of these virgins, who execute suitors unable to answer their questions or to carry out assigned tasks. Portia, in The Merchant of Venice, is a milder version of the type, dismissing rather than decapitating the unqualified suitors. In his essay "The Theme of the Three Caskets," Freud meditates on the motif and shows how a story about making choices for the sake of love masks an obsession with death. This might also be seen as a tale in which romance and passion are deeply enmeshed with anxieties about mortality. Andersen's princess, in the subplot to "The Snow Queen," is more whimsical and eccentric than belligerent and bloodthirsty.
44. Some of the more clever fellows had packed bread and butter.
Andersen creates comic effects by moving seamlessly from descriptions of courtly fashion (guards dressed in silver and servants in gold) and the protocols and players of royal life (ministers of state, various excellencies, and a princess sitting on a throne) to the buffoon-like behaviour of the suitors, who parrot the princess's words and refuse to share their provisions.
45. The little fellow's boots began to creak loudly.
At his confirmation, Andersen prided himself on a new pair of boots: "My delight was extreme; my only fear was that some people would not see them, and therefore I drew them up over my trousers and marched through the church. The boots creaked, and that pleased me no end, for the congregation would know that they were brand new. I felt a terrible sense of guilt."
46. A pearl that was as big as a spinning wheel.
A precious stone with many layers, the pearl seems an odd object to serve as a throne. Its round shape and colour could be seen as evoking the moon, and its use as a throne offers a humorous touch. The allusion to a spinning wheel connects the story to the instrument whose use often provided the occasion for oral storytelling, and adds a humble touch to the royal throne. Here again, Andersen yokes a precious object with the homespun.
48. something rushed past like shadows on a wall.
Slavic folklore often features mysterious spectral horsemen representing various times of day. The hunting parties that haunt this particular castle are described as creatures from dreams, imaginative beings that can be brought to life in fiction, but that rarely inhabit fairy-tale worlds, where few characters have a dream life. Andersen had a deep fascination with the interplay of light and dark and the chiaroscuro effects produced.
49. two beds that looked just like lilies.
The chaste relationship between prince and princess becomes evident from the arrangement of the beds. The riddle princess remains locked in a state of virginal purity, unable to move to a condition of mature adult sexuality. This couple in "The Snow Queen" is presented as passionately drawn to each other, but without a trace of erotic desire. In real life, Andersen seemed unable to consummate a romantic relationship, and he makes sure that the couples in his fairy tales remain drawn to each other in powerful but chaste ways. Note the striking use of colour in this passage and how the attributes used to kindle our imagination and to help us visualize the scene have more to do with light and colour than anything else.
50. a fur muff.
... receives a carriage---one that is linked with sunshine through its gold---but, just as importantly, … has received something to protect … hands and feet. Like the Snow Queen, [···] now has something made of fur and a magnificent mode of transportation. The carriage, with its bounty of sugar pastries, fruit, and cookies, represents pure wish-fulfillment for a child. The fetishizing of feet and hands, along with boots and muffs, is intriguing, given the chaste (and pious) register in which the tale moves.
....................................................................................
(No annotation about the slaughtering of the escort)
.....................................................................................
78. "They're travelling in foreign lands":
The prince and princess, on the road to foreign countries, can be seen as a doubling of the couple formed by the leading characters (Gerda and Kai), with the prince and princess evoking adventure and voyages into the wide world.
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